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Synchronologies

Synchronologies

The World's Chronologies, Synchronized

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  • Reality Checks for Ancient Chronology: Astronomical Datapoints and Verification

    December 25, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    The advocates of the conventional model of second millennium BCE Middle Eastern chronology have argued for the accuracy of their so-called “historical chronology” so vociferously

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  • Genuinely Scientific Data Are Not Necessarily Accurate: Ice Core Dating

    December 2, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Ice core dating is a scientific technique with multiple applications. It is also of value for ancient Middle Eastern chronology, but how accurate is it?

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  • Genuinely Scientific Data Are Not Necessarily Accurate: Dendrochronology

    October 9, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Dendrochronology can be a very valuable tool for determining the ages of ancient wooden artifacts, wooden building parts, and objects associated with those datable items.

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  • Genuinely Scientific Data Are Not Necessarily Accurate: Astronomical Dating

    September 23, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Scholars of ancient history generally recognize that contemporaneous records of ancient astronomical observations can potentially yield precisely accurate dates for the years in which the

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  • Genuinely Scientific Data Are Not Necessarily Accurate: Radiocarbon Dates

    September 1, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Investigations into ancient history, particularly its chronology, are increasingly relying on scientific data. Although that trend is a positive development, caution is warranted. This post

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  • How Far Backward Can We Extrapolate the Babylonian Middle Chronology Model?

    July 29, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Some researchers have attempted to extrapolate one of the chronological models of the Venus Tablets of Ammi-şaduqa backward in time to the twenty-fourth century BCE.

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  • Is It Possible to Resolve the Two-Year Discrepancy in the Early Assyrian Timeline?

    July 2, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Assyrian chronology is restorable with probable year-exact precision to almost two centuries earlier than Hammurabi’s first year (1792 BCE). Šamši-Adad I (Assyrian King List [AKL]

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  • Genuinely Ancient Records Are Not Necessarily Accurate

    April 9, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Many researchers approach the subject of historical chronology with the fundamental premise that ancient inscriptions have accurate chronological data. However, that is often not true.

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From The Author

Ancient Middle Eastern Astronomical Chronology, Verification, and Absolute Dates

February 17, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Egyptian, Middle Chronology Model, Middle East, Overcoming ambiguities, Thera eruption, Venus Tablets One comment

A year has passed since publishing the post “Why an Astronomical Chronological Model Can Be Irrefutable.” That short article discusses

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An Alternative Model Linking the Thera Eruption with Chinese Chronology

February 3, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Chinese Chronology, Middle East, Thera eruption 4 comments

(Modified 7 May 2025) The last post discussed the evidence that seemingly links the eruption of Thera with events during

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The Thera Eruption as a Pivotal Point in Chinese Chronology

January 23, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Chinese Chronology, Middle East, Thera eruption One comment

The sun dimmed. Frost occurred in July. Heavy rainfall toppled temples and buildings. Hot and cold weather arrived in disorder.

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Babylonian Chronology: Problems and Solutions

January 8, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle East Leave a comment

Much of the Babylonian timeline is missing due to the lack of extant and intact king lists. Babylonian King List

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What Causes Severe Offsets in Ancient Egyptian Radiocarbon Dates?

December 23, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Egyptian, Middle East, Radiocarbon dating One comment

The answer to the title’s question will likely cause many readers to ask themselves, “Why didn’t I think of that?”

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Were Babylonian King Hammurabi and Egyptian Pharaoh Khyan Contemporary Monarchs?

December 10, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Babylonian, Egyptian, Middle East Leave a comment

Several lines of evidence argue that they were. The expression “contemporary monarchs” means they simultaneously ruled their respective countries. Since

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What Kinds of Astronomical Evidence Are Useful for Egyptian Chronology?

November 18, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Egyptian, Middle East One comment

Several types of astronomical data are essential for Egyptian chronology. These include records of the heliacal rising of Sirius (Sothic

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The Thera Eruption and the End of the Egyptian Fifteenth Dynasty

November 6, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Egyptian, Middle East, Minoan, Thera eruption, Venus Tablets Leave a comment

The gigantic eruption of Thera (now called Santorini) was one of human history’s most explosive volcanic events and perhaps the

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Middle Chronology Advocates’ Efforts to Expand One Century into Two

October 22, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle Chronology Model, Middle East, Ultra-Low Chronology, Venus Tablets Leave a comment

Multiple astronomical anchors and other scientific data demonstrate that the Middle Chronology model of the Venus Tablets of Ammi-şaduqa during

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Accurate Chronology or Fringe Theories?

October 9, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle Chronology Model, Middle East, Ultra-Low Chronology, Venus Tablets Leave a comment

Many ideas (or theories) about ancient Middle Eastern chronology are controversial. Even now, scholars are divided about which one of

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