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Synchronologies

Synchronologies

The World's Chronologies, Synchronized

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  • Does the Model in “The Six Pillars” Represent a New Paradigm?

    March 30, 2026 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    This post is my 50th, a significant milestone. It is also my first post after an accident I suffered in January, followed by emergency surgery,

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  • Reality Checks for Ancient Chronology: Astronomical Datapoints and Verification

    December 25, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    The advocates of the conventional model of second millennium BCE Middle Eastern chronology have argued for the accuracy of their so-called “historical chronology” so vociferously

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  • Genuinely Scientific Data Are Not Necessarily Accurate: Ice Core Dating

    December 2, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Ice core dating is a scientific technique with multiple applications. It is also of value for ancient Middle Eastern chronology, but how accurate is it?

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  • Genuinely Scientific Data Are Not Necessarily Accurate: Dendrochronology

    October 9, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Dendrochronology can be a very valuable tool for determining the ages of ancient wooden artifacts, wooden building parts, and objects associated with those datable items.

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  • Genuinely Scientific Data Are Not Necessarily Accurate: Astronomical Dating

    September 23, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Scholars of ancient history generally recognize that contemporaneous records of ancient astronomical observations can potentially yield precisely accurate dates for the years in which the

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  • Genuinely Scientific Data Are Not Necessarily Accurate: Radiocarbon Dates

    September 1, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Investigations into ancient history, particularly its chronology, are increasingly relying on scientific data. Although that trend is a positive development, caution is warranted. This post

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  • How Far Backward Can We Extrapolate the Babylonian Middle Chronology Model?

    July 29, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Some researchers have attempted to extrapolate one of the chronological models of the Venus Tablets of Ammi-şaduqa backward in time to the twenty-fourth century BCE.

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  • Is It Possible to Resolve the Two-Year Discrepancy in the Early Assyrian Timeline?

    July 2, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Assyrian chronology is restorable with probable year-exact precision to almost two centuries earlier than Hammurabi’s first year (1792 BCE). Šamši-Adad I (Assyrian King List [AKL]

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From The Author

Common Sense and the Chronology of the Twelfth Dynasty and the SIP

June 24, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Egyptian, Middle East 4 comments

Once The Six Pillars is published, Egyptologists will face a challenging problem. How will they reassess the chronology of the

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Common Sense Versus the Traditional Concept of Egyptian Dynasties

June 18, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Egyptian, Middle East 3 comments

Manetho’s list of Egyptian dynasties continues to confuse scholars to this day. In the eighteenth century CE, many people assumed

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Common Sense and Assyrian Astronomical Stone Reliefs

June 10, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Middle East Leave a comment

A previous post explained why we can be confident that sculpted reliefs on Babylonian kudurrus (boundary stones) represent celestial events

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Common Sense and the Mari Eponym Chronicle’s Eclipse

June 3, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle Chronology Model, Venus Tablets 6 comments

Anciently recorded astronomical events greatly aid in reconstructing historical timelines, but only if they are unambiguous enough to be positively

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Common Sense and Divergent Chronological Records

May 27, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle East 2 comments

One researcher wrote, ‘We should trust that ancient chronological record keepers were correct and accept the details in their documents

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Common Sense and Egyptian Cattle Counts: Were They Annual or Biannual?

May 21, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Egyptian, Middle East Leave a comment

During the Egyptian “Old Kingdom” period, at least from the Second Dynasty through the Sixth, officials kept track of the

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Common Sense and Astronomical Reliefs on Babylonian Boundary Stones

May 13, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Importance, Middle East, Overcoming ambiguities 4 comments

The incomplete illustration above contains some prominent astronomical symbols. It includes a scorpion, a representation of Scorpius constellation. The picture

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Common Sense and the Assyrian Lunar Calendar without Intercalary Months

May 6, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Middle East Leave a comment

Would you believe a modern scholar’s interpretation of an ancient custom that seems utterly contrary to that ancient community’s benefit

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How Common Sense Helps Determine How Many Years the Amarna Letters Corpus Encompasses

April 29, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Amarna Letters, Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Egyptian, Levant, Middle East 2 comments

The Amarna letters are a unique collection of correspondence between Egyptian royalty and the pharaohs’ vassal “mayors” in the Levant

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Common Sense, the Thera Eruption, and Related Middle Eastern Radiocarbon Dates

April 22, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Egyptian, Minoan, Radiocarbon dating, Thera eruption 2 comments

The date of the Thera eruption is one of several critical pieces of evidence in ancient Middle Eastern chronology, and

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