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Synchronologies

Synchronologies

The World's Chronologies, Synchronized

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  • Reality Checks for Ancient Chronology: Astronomical Datapoints and Verification

    December 25, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    The advocates of the conventional model of second millennium BCE Middle Eastern chronology have argued for the accuracy of their so-called “historical chronology” so vociferously

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  • Genuinely Scientific Data Are Not Necessarily Accurate: Ice Core Dating

    December 2, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Ice core dating is a scientific technique with multiple applications. It is also of value for ancient Middle Eastern chronology, but how accurate is it?

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  • Genuinely Scientific Data Are Not Necessarily Accurate: Dendrochronology

    October 9, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Dendrochronology can be a very valuable tool for determining the ages of ancient wooden artifacts, wooden building parts, and objects associated with those datable items.

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  • Genuinely Scientific Data Are Not Necessarily Accurate: Astronomical Dating

    September 23, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Scholars of ancient history generally recognize that contemporaneous records of ancient astronomical observations can potentially yield precisely accurate dates for the years in which the

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  • Genuinely Scientific Data Are Not Necessarily Accurate: Radiocarbon Dates

    September 1, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Investigations into ancient history, particularly its chronology, are increasingly relying on scientific data. Although that trend is a positive development, caution is warranted. This post

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  • How Far Backward Can We Extrapolate the Babylonian Middle Chronology Model?

    July 29, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Some researchers have attempted to extrapolate one of the chronological models of the Venus Tablets of Ammi-şaduqa backward in time to the twenty-fourth century BCE.

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  • Is It Possible to Resolve the Two-Year Discrepancy in the Early Assyrian Timeline?

    July 2, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Assyrian chronology is restorable with probable year-exact precision to almost two centuries earlier than Hammurabi’s first year (1792 BCE). Šamši-Adad I (Assyrian King List [AKL]

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  • Genuinely Ancient Records Are Not Necessarily Accurate

    April 9, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin

    Many researchers approach the subject of historical chronology with the fundamental premise that ancient inscriptions have accurate chronological data. However, that is often not true.

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From The Author

Examples of Altering Data to Conform with Traditions

September 25, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle Chronology Model, Middle East, Ultra-Low Chronology, Venus Tablets Leave a comment

The previous post discussed the problem that researchers tend to start with: the premise that conventional views of chronology are

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The Bad Habit of Reinterpreting Data to Conform with Tradition (Or How to Cook a Frog)

September 11, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Babylonian, Egyptian, Middle East One comment

Ancient Middle Eastern chronology is complex and involves many data types from various empires, kingdoms, and regions. While interpreting that

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Astronomically Anchoring the Aegean Dendrochronology Increases Its Value Immensely

August 27, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle East, Radiocarbon dating 3 comments

Radiocarbon dating can limit the dates of tree rings to a theoretical range of years. (However, regional offsets sometimes cause

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How Much of the Second Millennium BCE Conventional Middle Eastern Chronology is Correct?

August 13, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Egyptian, Middle Chronology Model, Venus Tablets One comment

Those kingdoms with relatively abundant chronological data from that millennium include Babylonia, Assyria, and Egypt. Let us begin with Babylonia

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The Venus Tablets Ultra-Low Chronology Is Half Correct

July 31, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle Chronology Model, Ultra-Low Chronology, Venus Tablets 3 comments

A previous post, “The Ironic Accuracy of the Venus Tablets Middle Chronology Model,” discussed the reasons that prove the Venus

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Common Sense Versus the Conventional Chronology

July 22, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Amarna Letters, Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Egyptian, Middle Chronology Model, Radiocarbon dating, Venus Tablets Leave a comment

Over the past four months, this website has featured 15 posts about how using common sense leads to better solutions

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How to Use Common Sense to Make Chronological Discoveries

July 15, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Amarna Letters, Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Egyptian, Middle East Leave a comment

Over the past 15 weeks, this website has featured 15 posts concerning “common sense” and how it leads to better

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Common Sense and the Ancient Egyptian Perspective of the Lunar Cycle

July 9, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Egyptian, Middle East, Overcoming ambiguities 3 comments

Although the ancient Egyptians had many gods, the deities they associated with the sun and moon were among their most

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Common Sense and the Three Egyptian Seasons

July 1, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Egyptian, Middle East 3 comments

During the First Dynasty, a king or official realized that the solar year in Egypt had three natural divisions or

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Common Sense and the Chronology of the Twelfth Dynasty and the SIP

June 24, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Egyptian, Middle East 4 comments

Once The Six Pillars is published, Egyptologists will face a challenging problem. How will they reassess the chronology of the

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