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Synchronologies

The World's Chronologies, Synchronized

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Tag: Second Millennium BCE

Genuinely Scientific Data Are Not Necessarily Accurate: Ice Core Dating

December 2, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Ice Core Dating, Middle East, Thera eruption Leave a comment

Ice core dating is a scientific technique with multiple applications. It is also of value for ancient Middle Eastern chronology,

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Genuinely Scientific Data Are Not Necessarily Accurate: Dendrochronology

October 9, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Aegean Dendrochronology, Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Middle East, Radiocarbon dating Leave a comment

Dendrochronology can be a very valuable tool for determining the ages of ancient wooden artifacts, wooden building parts, and objects

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Genuinely Scientific Data Are Not Necessarily Accurate: Radiocarbon Dates

September 1, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Middle East, Radiocarbon dating 2 comments

Investigations into ancient history, particularly its chronology, are increasingly relying on scientific data. Although that trend is a positive development,

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How Far Backward Can We Extrapolate the Babylonian Middle Chronology Model?

July 29, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle Chronology Model, Middle East, Sumer, Venus Tablets Leave a comment

Some researchers have attempted to extrapolate one of the chronological models of the Venus Tablets of Ammi-şaduqa backward in time

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Is It Possible to Resolve the Two-Year Discrepancy in the Early Assyrian Timeline?

July 2, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle Chronology Model, Middle East, Venus Tablets One comment

Assyrian chronology is restorable with probable year-exact precision to almost two centuries earlier than Hammurabi’s first year (1792 BCE). Šamši-Adad

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Genuinely Ancient Records Are Not Necessarily Accurate

April 9, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle East One comment

Many researchers approach the subject of historical chronology with the fundamental premise that ancient inscriptions have accurate chronological data. However,

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Why Solar Eclipse References and Allusions Are Crucial to Egyptian Chronology

March 27, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Egyptian, Importance, Middle East Leave a comment

Solar eclipses were notable events to ancient Egyptian monarchs because they viewed them as messages from the sun god. Nevertheless,

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Why Sothic Dates Are Crucial to Egyptian Chronology (But Not as Traditionally Understood)

March 3, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Egyptian, Importance, Middle East One comment

“Sothic dates” are anciently recorded observations of the heliacal rising of the star Sirius. They are critical evidence in studying

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Ancient Middle Eastern Astronomical Chronology, Verification, and Absolute Dates

February 17, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Egyptian, Middle Chronology Model, Middle East, Overcoming ambiguities, Thera eruption, Venus Tablets One comment

A year has passed since publishing the post “Why an Astronomical Chronological Model Can Be Irrefutable.” That short article discusses

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An Alternative Model Linking the Thera Eruption with Chinese Chronology

February 3, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Chinese Chronology, Middle East, Thera eruption 4 comments

(Modified 7 May 2025) The last post discussed the evidence that seemingly links the eruption of Thera with events during

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