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Synchronologies

Synchronologies

The World's Chronologies, Synchronized

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Category: Middle East

Ancient Middle Eastern Astronomical Chronology, Verification, and Absolute Dates

February 17, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Egyptian, Middle Chronology Model, Middle East, Overcoming ambiguities, Thera eruption, Venus Tablets One comment

A year has passed since publishing the post “Why an Astronomical Chronological Model Can Be Irrefutable.” That short article discusses

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An Alternative Model Linking the Thera Eruption with Chinese Chronology

February 3, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Chinese Chronology, Middle East, Thera eruption 4 comments

(Modified 7 May 2025) The last post discussed the evidence that seemingly links the eruption of Thera with events during

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The Thera Eruption as a Pivotal Point in Chinese Chronology

January 23, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Chinese Chronology, Middle East, Thera eruption One comment

The sun dimmed. Frost occurred in July. Heavy rainfall toppled temples and buildings. Hot and cold weather arrived in disorder.

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Babylonian Chronology: Problems and Solutions

January 8, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle East Leave a comment

Much of the Babylonian timeline is missing due to the lack of extant and intact king lists. Babylonian King List

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What Causes Severe Offsets in Ancient Egyptian Radiocarbon Dates?

December 23, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Egyptian, Middle East, Radiocarbon dating One comment

The answer to the title’s question will likely cause many readers to ask themselves, “Why didn’t I think of that?”

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Were Babylonian King Hammurabi and Egyptian Pharaoh Khyan Contemporary Monarchs?

December 10, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Babylonian, Egyptian, Middle East Leave a comment

Several lines of evidence argue that they were. The expression “contemporary monarchs” means they simultaneously ruled their respective countries. Since

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What Kinds of Astronomical Evidence Are Useful for Egyptian Chronology?

November 18, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Egyptian, Middle East One comment

Several types of astronomical data are essential for Egyptian chronology. These include records of the heliacal rising of Sirius (Sothic

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The Thera Eruption and the End of the Egyptian Fifteenth Dynasty

November 6, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Egyptian, Middle East, Minoan, Thera eruption, Venus Tablets Leave a comment

The gigantic eruption of Thera (now called Santorini) was one of human history’s most explosive volcanic events and perhaps the

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Middle Chronology Advocates’ Efforts to Expand One Century into Two

October 22, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle Chronology Model, Middle East, Ultra-Low Chronology, Venus Tablets Leave a comment

Multiple astronomical anchors and other scientific data demonstrate that the Middle Chronology model of the Venus Tablets of Ammi-şaduqa during

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Accurate Chronology or Fringe Theories?

October 9, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle Chronology Model, Middle East, Ultra-Low Chronology, Venus Tablets Leave a comment

Many ideas (or theories) about ancient Middle Eastern chronology are controversial. Even now, scholars are divided about which one of

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