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Synchronologies

Synchronologies

The World's Chronologies, Synchronized

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Tag: Hammurabi

Is It Possible to Resolve the Two-Year Discrepancy in the Early Assyrian Timeline?

July 2, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle Chronology Model, Middle East, Venus Tablets One comment

Assyrian chronology is restorable with probable year-exact precision to almost two centuries earlier than Hammurabi’s first year (1792 BCE). Šamši-Adad

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Babylonian Chronology: Problems and Solutions

January 8, 2025 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle East Leave a comment

Much of the Babylonian timeline is missing due to the lack of extant and intact king lists. Babylonian King List

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Were Babylonian King Hammurabi and Egyptian Pharaoh Khyan Contemporary Monarchs?

December 10, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Babylonian, Egyptian, Middle East Leave a comment

Several lines of evidence argue that they were. The expression “contemporary monarchs” means they simultaneously ruled their respective countries. Since

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Middle Chronology Advocates’ Efforts to Expand One Century into Two

October 22, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle Chronology Model, Middle East, Ultra-Low Chronology, Venus Tablets Leave a comment

Multiple astronomical anchors and other scientific data demonstrate that the Middle Chronology model of the Venus Tablets of Ammi-şaduqa during

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Accurate Chronology or Fringe Theories?

October 9, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle Chronology Model, Middle East, Ultra-Low Chronology, Venus Tablets Leave a comment

Many ideas (or theories) about ancient Middle Eastern chronology are controversial. Even now, scholars are divided about which one of

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Examples of Altering Data to Conform with Traditions

September 25, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle Chronology Model, Middle East, Ultra-Low Chronology, Venus Tablets Leave a comment

The previous post discussed the problem that researchers tend to start with: the premise that conventional views of chronology are

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How Much of the Second Millennium BCE Conventional Middle Eastern Chronology is Correct?

August 13, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Egyptian, Middle Chronology Model, Venus Tablets One comment

Those kingdoms with relatively abundant chronological data from that millennium include Babylonia, Assyria, and Egypt. Let us begin with Babylonia

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The Venus Tablets Ultra-Low Chronology Is Half Correct

July 31, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle Chronology Model, Ultra-Low Chronology, Venus Tablets 3 comments

A previous post, “The Ironic Accuracy of the Venus Tablets Middle Chronology Model,” discussed the reasons that prove the Venus

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Common Sense and Gaps in the Assyrian King List

April 15, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Assyrian, Astronomical chronology, Middle East, Radiocarbon dating 10 comments

Archaeological finds at a warehouse and marketing center in Acemhöyük, central Anatolia, from the Assyrian Colony period show that those

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The Ironic Accuracy of the Venus Tablets Middle Chronology Model

February 20, 2024 Daniel Penuel Benjamin Ancient Middle Eastern chronology, Astronomical chronology, Babylonian, Middle Chronology Model, Middle East, Venus Tablets 8 comments

(Revised 28 March 2024.) The Venus Tablet(s) of Ammi-şaduqa is a collection of records of this planet’s first and last

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